A Brief History Of The Blues Essay Example For Students

A Brief History Of The Blues Essay Joseph Machlis says that the blues is a native American musical and verse form, with no direct European and African antecedents of which we know. p. 578 In other words, it is a blending of both traditions. Something special and entirely different from either of its parent traditions. Although Alan Lomax cites some examples of very similar songs having been found in Northwest Africa, particularly among the Wolof and Watusi. p. 233 The word blue has been associated with the idea of melancholia or depression since the Elizabethan era. The American writer, Washington Irving is credited with coining the term the blues, as it is now defined, in 1807. Tanner 40 The earlier almost entirely Negro history of the blues musical tradition is traced through oral tradition as far back as the 1860s. Kennedy 79 When African and European music first began to merge to create what eventually became the blues, the slaves sang songs filled with words telling of their extreme suffering and privation. Tanner 36 One of the many responses to their oppressive environment resulted in the field holler. The field holler gave rise to the spiritual, and the blues, notable among all human works of art for their profound despair . . . They gave voice to the mood of alienation and anomie that prevailed in the construction camps of the South, for it was in the Mississippi Delta that blacks were often forcibly conscripted to work on the levee and land-clearing crews, where they were often abused and then tossed aside or worked to death. Lomax 233 Alan Lomax states that the blues tradition was considered to be a masculine discipline although some of the first blues songs heard by whites were sung by lady blues singers like Mamie Smith and Bessie Smith and not many black women were to be found singing the blues in the juke-joints. The Southern prisons also contributed considerably to the blues tradition through work songs and the songs of death row and murder, prostitutes, the warden, the hot sun, and a hundred other privations. Lomax The prison road crews and work gangs where were many bluesmen found their songs, and where many other blacks simply became familiar with the same songs. Following the Civil War according to Rolling Stone, the blues arose as a distillate of the African music brought over by slaves. Field hollers, ballads, church music and rhythmic dance tunes called jump-ups evolved into a music for a singer who would engage in call-and-response with his guitar. He would sing a line, and the guitar would answer it. RSRRE 53 The guitar did not enjoy widespread popularity with blues musicians until about the turn of the century. Until then, the banjo was the primary blues instrument. By the 1890s the blues were sung in many of the rural areas of the South. Kamien 518 And by 1910, the word blues as applied to the musical tradition was in fairly common use. Tanner 40 Some bluesologists claim rather dubiously, that the first blues song that was ever written down was Dallas Blues, published in 1912 by Hart Wand, a white violinist from Oklahoma City. Tanner 40 The blues form was first popularized about 1911-14 by the black composer W. C. Handy 1873-1958. However, the poetic and musical form of the blues first crystallized around 1910 and gained popularity through the publication of Handys Memphis Blues 1912 and St. Louis Blues 1914. Kamien 518 Instrumental blues had been recorded as early as 1913. Mamie Smith recorded the first vocal blues song, Crazy Blues in 1920. Priestly 9 Priestly claims that while the widespread popularity of the blues had a vital influence on subsequent jazz, it was the initial popularity of jazz which had made possible the recording of blues in the first place, and thus made possible the absorption of blues into both jazz as well as the mainstream of pop music. Priestly 10 American troops brought the blues home with them following the First World War. They did not, of course, learn them from Europeans, but from Southern whites who had been exposed to the blues. At this time, the U. S. Army was still segregated. During the twenties, the blues became a national craze. Records by leading blues singers like Bessie Smith and later, in the thirties, Billie Holiday, sold in the millions. The twenties also saw the blues become a musical form more widely used by jazz instrumentalists as well as blues singers. Kamien 518 During the decades of the thirties and forties, the blues spread northward with the migration of many blacks from the South and entered into the repertoire of big-band jazz. Music Therapy EssayOften the lyrics of a blues song do not seem to fit the music, but a good blues singer will accent certain syllables and eliminate others so that everything falls nicely into place. Tanner 38 The structure of blues lyrics usually consists of several three-line verses. The first line is sung and then repeated to roughly the same melodic phrase perhaps the same phrase played diatonically a perfect fourth away, the third line has a different melodic phrase: Im going to leave baby, aint going to say goodbye. Im going to leave baby, aint going to say goodbye. But Ill write you and tell you the reason why. Kamien 519 Most blues researchers claim that the very early blues were patterned after English ballads and often had eight, ten, or sixteen bars. Tanner 36 The blues now consists of a definite progression of harmonies usually consisting of eight, twelve or sixteen measures, though the twelve bar blues are, by far, the most common. The 12 bar blues harmonic progression the one-four-five is most often agreed to be the following: four bars of tonic, two of subdominant, two of tonic, two of dominant, and two of tonic. Or, alternatively, I,I,I,I,IV,IV,I,I,V,V,I,I. Each roman numeral indicates a chord built on a specific tone in the major scale. Due to the influence of rock and roll, the tenth chord has been changed to IV. This alteration is now considered standard. Tanner 37 In practice, various intermediate chords, and even some substitute chord patterns, have been used in blues progressions, at least since the nineteen-twenties. Machlis 578 Some purists feel that any variations or embellishments of the basic blues pattern changes its quality or validity as a blues song. For instance, if the basic blues chord progression is not used, then the music being played is not the blues. Therefore, these purists maintain that many melodies with the word blues in the title, and which are often spoken of as being the blues, are not the blues because their melodies lack this particular basic blues harmonic construction. Tanner 37 I believe this viewpoint to be a bit wide of the mark, because it places a greater emphasis on blues harmony than melody. The principal blues melodies are, in fact, holler cadences, set to a steady beat and thus turned into dance music and confined to a three-verse rhymed stanza of twelve to sixteen bars. Lomax 275 The singer can either repeat the same basic melody for each stanza or improvise a new melody to reflect the changing mood of the lyrics. Kamien 519 Blues rhythm is also very flexible. Performers often sing around the beat, accenting notes either a little before or behind the beat. Kamien Jazz instrumentalists frequently use the chord progression of the twelve-bar blues as a basis for extended improvisations. The twelve or sixteen bar pattern is repeated while new melodies are improvised over it by the soloists. As with the Baroque bassocontinuo, the repeated chord progression provides a foundation for the free flow of such improvised melodic lines. Kamien 520 One of the problems regarding defining what the blues are is the variety of authoritative opinions. The blues is neither an era in the chronological development of jazz, nor is it actually a particular style of playing or singing jazz. Tanner 35 Some maintain mostly musicologists that the blues are defined by the use of blue notes and on this point they also differ some say that they are simply flatted thirds, fifths, and sevenths applied to a major scale ; some maintain that they are microtones; and some believe that they are the third, or fifth, or seventh tones sounded simultaneously with the flatted third, or fifth, or seventh tones respectively . Others feel that the song form twelve bars, one-four-five is the defining feature of the blues. Some feel that the blues is a way to approach music, a philosophy, in a manner of speaking. And still others hold a much wider sociological view that the blues are an entire musical tradition rooted in the black experience of the post-war South. Whatever one may think of the social implications of the blues, whether expressing the American or black experience in microcosm, it was their strong autobiographical nature, their intense personal passion, chaos and loneliness, executed so vibrantly that it captured the imagination of modern musicians and the general public as well. Shapiro 13

Heavy Metal Bad For The Teenage Mind Essay Example For Students

Heavy Metal Bad For The Teenage Mind Essay Evil and Satanic, is what you would probably call heavy metal music today. MarilynManson, Anthrax, Metallica and Cannibal Corpse are a few of the many heavy metal groups of todays music world. Heavy metal contains music that should be more carefully analyzed by parents.It also affects the way teens think. Also this music can imply outward violence toward others. Heavy metal is a partial cause for teen violence and suicide. Numbing and influencial, teen violence and suicide can start with heavy metal music, I failed to recognize my son was holding a hand grenade and it was live and it was going off in his mind., is what Raymond Kuntz said after his 15-year-old son Richard had shown him a CD byMarilyn Manson and later killed himself after listening to his music. Dr. Frank Palumbo from the American Academy of Pediatrics said:Make no mistake about it, music can summon a rangeof emotions, most of which are wonderful. Yet there issome music that communicates potentially harmful healthmessages, especially when it reaches a vulnerable audience.(Palumbo)The AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics) believes parents should better research the music their teens listen to more carefully and that the music industries should make more positive video themes. The more the parents research and monitor their teens music, the less they have to worry about fatal reactions toward it and other violence that would come from the m usic of their teens. Almost every parent in America would do what you did. It didnt look like a handgrenade. It looked like a CD. said Joseph Liberman who was trying to comfort Mr. Kuntz (Kenen). If we research what teens listen to we could prevent violence and suicide from happening. Thus, from a testimony from the American Academy of Pediatrics there are many statements that imply that heavy metal music is partially to blame for suicide and violence by teens because of its dangerous lyrics. One part of this testimony states:To date , no studies have documented a cause-and-effect relationship between sexually explicitor violent lyrics and adverse behavioral effects,i.e., Ill listen to a song about killing someone and therefore I go out andkill. But we can all acknowledge the overall effect music has on people,including adolescents and children. Otherwise , we wouldnt listen to it and teenagers become absorbed in songs they believe help better definethem during this rocky transition into adulthood.(Palumbo)If teens are exposed to music daily the more they accept the devastating implications in the music as if it was their lunch or daily schooling. The only way to stop teens from listening would be to totally get rid of the heavy metal genre itself or stop the use of the violent and suicide implicating lyrics in the music. Teens are vulnerable to many things especially music. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, they conducted a study which found that teens on average listen to 40 hours of music per week(Palumbo). That is 7 and one half hours more than an average school week. It sounds like teens are getting more from music than they are from their teachers they see 5 out of 7 days per week. This music can affect their school life and affect the way they think and act while in and around school. Heavy metal can lead to violence and suicide in teens from listening to the music they do. One study done by David Merrell from Suffolk,Virginia, somewhat proves heavy metal is bad for teens. However, his study was done on 72 male laboratory mice. He used 3 groups of 24 mice, a control group with no music, a heavy metal group that listened to Anthrax, and a classical group that listened to Mozart. Each group had 12 hours of light each day while they were running the maze with no music and each group had an average time of 10 minutes(Eaton). But after listening to their groups music for 10 hours each day and running the maze 3 times per week, each group came up with a different average after one month of the maze. The control group ran the maze in 5 minutes.The Mozart group ran the maze in 1 minute and 30 seconds and the Anthrax group ran the maze at an average of 30 minutes(Eaton). Then, at the end of Davids experiment, the Anthrax group all killed each other. If heavy metal can have this effect on mice just think of what this music might do to a teenager in todays world with all the violence in the school and normal community that they see every day. One thing that might point out the effects of this type of music may be the teens grades dropping and the teen not caring at all about it, or maybe theygo to school and all they do is skip class. The violence they may take forth could be very dangerous and harmful not toward others but also toward themselves. Not only something like physical damage toward them but also mental damage that may never heal. This damage is a possible reason to retaliate against others not just in the community but also in the school, like Kip Kinkle in Oregon or the teens in the Columbine High School shootings in Colorado or possibly toward their immediate family they live with or their further relatives. You could relate this to the mouse experiment that David Merrell did as all of the heavy metal mice killed each other which portrays the outward violence toward others in school and in the community(Eaton). Also Raymond Kuntzs son Richard was writing a school term paper on Marilyn Manson when he committed suicide(Kenen). Coincidence? Probably not. If mice can be influenced by something they can not comprehend something is up. There has to be something like mind numbing radio waves or tones in some kind of a sequnce to mentally dismantle some one from the inside-out. Also, if a term paper and a little music can kill you, stopping this assisted-suicidal music at its source does not sound bad at all. Heavy metal influences outward violence towards others in many ways. Emily dickinson 2 EssayIn closing, music is a big part of the human experience and there is no possible way to avoid it. So while your taking the journey of life be careful of what music you stop and listen to because it can make your journey smooth or it can make it a rough one not just for you but the people around you and the people who care about you. So remember, read the label, take care of your mind, its the only one you have. Treat each other with kindness and respect because you dont know if it could come back and haunt you some day. BibliographyWorks CitedCannibal Corpse. The Bleeding. 1994 Metal Blade Records Inc. 2345 Erringer Rd., Suite 108 Simi Valley CaliforniaCannibal Corpse Gallery of Suicide. 1998 Metal Blade Records Inc. 2828 Cochran St. Suite 302 Simi Valley CaliforniaEaton, Lorraine. Teen Proves Hard Rocks Bad for You. 3 Aug. 1997Online. Available. http://newsherald.com/education/rock86.htm15 Dec. 1999. Kenen, Joanne. Senate Panel Tunes into Music Violence. 8 Nov. 1997Online. Available. http://www.cnn.com/ 15 Dec. 1999. Palumbo, Frank. Social Impact of Music Violence. 6 Nov. 1997Online. Available. http://www.aap.org/advocacy/washing/t1106.htm15 Dec. 1999Rosen, Hilary. Recording Industry Responds to Attack on Lyrics. 10 Dec. 1996. Online. Available. http://www.riaa.com/censorship/pressrelease.htm 15 Dec. 1999. Works CitedCannibal Corpse. The Bleeding. 1994 Metal Blade Records Inc. 2345 Erringer Rd., Suite 108 Simi Valley CaliforniaCannibal Corpse Gallery of Suicide. 1998 Metal Blade Records Inc. 2828 Cochran St. Suite 302 Simi Valley CaliforniaEaton, Lorraine. Teen Proves Hard Rocks Bad for You. 3 Aug. 1997Online. Available. http://newsherald.com/education/rock86.htm15 Dec. 1999. Kenen, Joanne. Senate Panel Tunes into Music Violence. 8 Nov. 1997Online. Available. http://www.cnn.com/ 15 Dec. 1999. Palumbo, Frank. Social Impact of Music Violence. 6 Nov. 1997Online. Available. http://www.aap.org/advocacy/washing/t1106.htm15 Dec. 1999Rosen, Hilary. Recording Industry Responds to Attack on Lyrics. 10 Dec. 1996. Online. Available. http://www.riaa.com/censorship/pressrelease.htm 15 Dec. 1999. Music

Team Management free essay sample

A study of the strategy of team management in business. The purpose of this paper is to introduce and discuss the topic of team management. It studies the goals of team management and evaluates its effectiveness and productiveness in general. It concludes with predictions for the future of team management. Team management has been studied for several decades, and is a popular form of management because it includes everyone on the team in management and production. Often, team management is used by companies that are experiencing rapid growth or expansion. Under team management, the single, ultimately responsible head of the organization sometimes becomes two or three people who divide the job up or do it jointly. More commonly under team management; the head of the organization can still be identified but has one or two close associates whose authority is nearly equal to his own. The reason for team management in rapidly expanding organizations is that there are at least three separate managerial jobs to be done: running the existing operation, supervising the expansion, and coping with the unpredictable problems that expansion creates (Caplow 180). We will write a custom essay sample on Team Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Make Candy Glass Icicle Decorations

Make Candy Glass Icicle Decorations This fun holiday project is based on this  fake glass tutorial. What you do is make sugar glass (or ice in this case) spread it onto a cookie sheet, warm the hard candy in the oven until you can cut it, then twist the strips of melted candy glass into spiral icicle shapes. There is another method that you can use which involves twisting together ropes of the sugar to make striped icicles. Candy Glass Icicles Experiment Difficulty: Intermediate (Adult Supervision Required)Materials: Sugar, Candy Thermometer, Food ColoringConcepts: Temperature, Crystallization, Melting, CarmelizationInterested in more merry chemistry experiments? Try making Chemistry Peppermint Wafers or check out this extensive list of Christmas Chemistry Projects. Candy Glass Icicle Ingredients 1 cup (250 mL) sugarFlat baking sheetButter or baking paperCandy thermometerFood coloring (optional) Make Candy Icicles Butter or line a baking sheet with bakers (silicone) paper. Place the sheet in the refrigerator to chill. The chilled pan will prevent the hot sugar from continuing to cook after you remove it from the heat, which is important if you are trying for clear ice.Pour the sugar into a small pan on a stove over low heat.Stir continuously until the sugar melts (takes a while). If you have a candy thermometer, remove from heat at the hard crack stage (clear glass), which is 291-310 °F or 146-154 °C. If the sugar is heated past the hard crack stage it will turn amber (colored translucent glass). If you want clear icicles, pay close attention to the temperature! If you dont mind the amber color or are adding food coloring, then the temperature is a little less critical.You have a couple of options here. You can pour the hot sugar into strips, let them cool slightly, then (wearing rubber gloves to prevent hot candy from sticking to your finger) twist the warm candy into a spiral icicle shap e.Alternatively (and easier) pour all of the melted sugar onto the cooled pan. Allow it to cool. Heat the pan of candy in a 185 °F oven until the candy can be cut into strips. Curl the strips. One technique is to wrap the strips around a long buttered wooden spoon. Candy Icicle Tips Wear a pair of inexpensive winter gloves under a pair of buttered kitchen gloves to protect your hands from the heat as well as from sticking to the candy.Dont exceed the hard-crack cooking temperature if you want clear icicles. This is 295 °F to 310 °F at sea level, but you will need to subtract 1 °F from every listed temperature for each 500 feet above sea level. The sugar will start to carmelize (brown) somewhere around 320-338 °F or 160-10 °C, depending on your altitude. This occurs when the sucrose starts to break down into simpler sugars. The flavor of the candy is affected by this change, as well as its color.

CASE STUDY # 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

# 1 - Case Study Example However, some children may accurately develop these abilities but still have symptoms of language disorder. The speech disorders without known causes are usually referred to developmental language disorder. Nonetheless, numerous agents including brain injury, developmental problems, hearing loss, autistic spectrum disorder, and learning disabilities, may cause the language disorder in children (The New York Times 01). Notably, each agent has its unique symptoms, system of diagnosis, and treatment. Cori Williams, the national president announced during the Federal Lections of the year 2007 lobbied a national campaign against speech disorder among children. William wanted the speech pathology to be discussed extensively and sufficiently so that the government could adopt the Speech Pathology as an Australia’s policy (Speech Pathology Australia 01). The main areas that this public policy aimed at addressing included the functions of the speech pathology services to children with speech and language disorders. William also wanted the improved access of pathology services to children in remote areas. Finally, it lobby called for extended pathology services within the Medicare Allied Health Initiative (Speech Pathology Australia 01). There numerous exams and tests that are often conducted in children to determine the type of speech disorder they might be suffering. In some cases, a speech disorder in a child may be traced from the medical history of the child’s family (Simms 432). In such a case, it may be revealed that the child’s close relative might have suffered speech and language problems. Moreover, a child who might be suspected to be suffering from language or speech disorder can be taken for standardized expressive and receptive language tests. During this test, a language and speech neuropsychologist or therapist will be able to determine the same. Additionally,

Dental School Applicataion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dental School Applicataion - Essay Example ks at the clinic have been to develop x-ray films and set up trays for treatments, but, I also had the opportunity to observe doctors performing root canal treatments and various Endodontic procedures. Dental procedures and the use of instruments have not been the only aspects of dentistry that I learned there. The doctors I have been working with are graduate dental students. I was able to observe how much time and efforts they have invested to succeed there. The doctors always shared with me that their hard work has always paid off at the end when patients thank them and tell them how dental treatments make their lives easier. To explore different fields in dentistry, I have also volunteered at the Dental Fear Research Clinic at the University of Washington, School of Dentistry for five months, from three to five hours a week. This clinic specializes in patients that have some type of dental fears. I was very impressed to observe Dr. Tar-Chee Aw at work with his team of dental assistants and psychologists, seeking the best methods to relieve the patient’s anxieties and discomforts. My experiences at the dental clinics shaped my desire to help people with oral health needs. These lessons have been invaluable to me to succeed in a dental school. I am also planning to volunteer in a community (public) clinic and a private clinic in the near future. I have also had the opportunity to learn many laboratory techniques from my prior experiences in different laboratories. I have worked in a Biochemistry laboratory since my freshman year. The focus of our research is to study the metabolic mechanisms of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast species), especially the interaction between BMH and ADR1 proteins, which are known to be involved in transcription regulation of the carbohydrate utilization in yeast. The focus is to identify the specific binding site of BMH to ADR1 and how this affects the glucose ´s repressible pathway in the metabolism. This research is not only

TWA flight 800 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

TWA flight 800 - Research Paper Example The technology leading to the case was the location of the plane, possible electrical arcing, and auto-ignition. The investigations were led by the NTSB and FBI, who disapproved the bomb and the missile theory. The findings include that the defective condition of the wiring could have caused the ignition of the fuel vapor at the central tank. Recommendation presented include that the central tank should be kept full and that air conditioners should be relocated or insulated from the tank. Impacts on engineering include change to continual review of the aircraft’s hardware. Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.1 Table of Contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..2 List of figures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....3 List of Figures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 1. ... .†¦13 2.3 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦14 3. IMPACT ON ENGINEERING PRACTICES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.15 4. CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦16 5. WORKS CITED†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦17 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Image of the TWA Flight 800 before the explosion: www.stat.ucla.edu, 1996 Figure 1.2 Image of the TWA Flight 800 after the explosion (a CIA explosion) www.washingtonpost.com, January 1997 Figure 1.1 Image of the TWA Flight 800 showing the position of the central fuel tank www.elvis.engr.wisc.edu, 1997 Figure 1.3 Image of the TWA Flight 800 showing the position of the central fuel tank www.elvis.engr.wisc.edu, 1997 1. INTRODUCTION Twenty minutes after its take off from the JKF international Airport at New York – on July 17, 1996 – TWA Flight 800 exploded. The plane was heading to Paris. During the clash, all the 230 passengers aboard the plane died from the explosion. The cause of death for the passengers – as explained by medical specialists – was the phenomenal whiplash of the flames after the explosion of the central fuel tank (Flanner 4). This report presents the general theories explaining the causes of the explosion – including the bomb and the missile theory as well as the conditions of the central fuel tank, which may have led to the explosion. The paper will discuss the investi gation of the explosion, the findings after inquiry and the recommendations developed. The impact of these findings on engineering practices will also be reviewed. Figure 1.1 Image of the TWA Flight 800 before the explosion www.stat.ucla.edu,